Sector Agroalimentario e Integración Regional: una simbiosis necesaria para la Seguridad Alimentaria y Nutricional

Through a documentary-descriptive and quantitative-analytical research, supported by calculation and interpretation of trade position and intraregional trade dynamics indicators, this work examines relationship between agriculture, regional integration and food security. For this reason, it analyzes the role played by agricultural variable in the context of integration agreements, characterizes elements that confer sensitivity to agri-food sector and conditions its special treatment within regionalism experiences, and evaluates current state of regional agri-food integration between 2001 and 2019 by comparing three Latin American schemes: ALADI, CAN and MERCOSUR. The central discussion argues that deepening of agri-food trade through economic integration offers opportunities to guarantee food security, as an instrument capable of supplying food in a stable and fluid way (facing turbulences in international markets) and with lower transaction costs. It is concluded that in Latin America there is no integration from the agri-food trade point of view and offers public policies recommendations for agricultural development, trade and strengthening integration.Mediante una investigación documental-descriptiva y cuantitativa-analítica, apoyada en el cálculo e interpretación de indicadores de posición comercial y dinámica del comercio intrarregional, el trabajo examina la relación existente entre agricultura, integración regional y seguridad alimentaria. Para ello analiza el papel desempeñado por la variable agrícola en el contexto de los acuerdos de integración, caracteriza los elementos que confieren sensibilidad al sector agroalimentario y condicionan su tratamiento especial dentro de las experiencias de regionalismo y evalúa el estado de la integración agroalimentaria regional entre 2001 y 2019 comparando tres esquemas latinoamericanos: ALADI, CAN y MERCOSUR. La discusión central argumenta que la profundización del comercio agroalimentario a través de la integración económica ofrece oportunidades para garantizar la seguridad alimentaria, como instrumento capaz de suministrar alimentos de manera estable y fluida, frente a las turbulencias en los mercados internacionales y con costos transaccionales más bajos. Se concluye que en América Latina no existe integración desde el punto de vista del intercambio agroalimentario y se ofrece una serie de recomendaciones a nivel de políticas públicas en aras del desarrollo agrícola, del comercio y del fortalecimiento de la integración

La rúbrica y la calidad de la evaluación de competencias, en estudiantes de la carrera profesional de Producción Agropecuaria del Instituto de Educación Superior Tecnológico Público “Chincha”, 2017

La rúbrica y la calidad de la evaluación de competencias, en estudiantes de la carrera profesional de Producción Agropecuaria del Instituto de Educación Superior Tecnológico Pública “Chincha”, 2017, es una investigación descriptiva que utilizó un diseño correlacional y se orientó a determinar en qué medida se relaciona el uso de Rúbricas y la calidad de la evaluación de competencias, en estudiantes de la carrera profesional de Producción Agropecuaria del Instituto de Educación Superior Tecnológico Pública “Chincha”, 2017. De acuerdo a los resultados analizados y contrastados se concluye que el uso de Rúbricas se encuentra en relación de manera significativa con la calidad de la evaluación de competencias, en estudiantes de la carrera profesional de Producción Agropecuaria del Instituto de Educación Superior Tecnológico Público “Chincha”, 2017; con un nivel de correlación positiva de 0,879. Por lo tanto, si se toma en consideración el coeficiente de determinación (r2= 0,773) se tiene que la calidad de la evaluación de competencias están relacionadas en un 77,3% por el uso de Rúbricas, en estudiantes de la carrera profesional de Producción Agropecuaria del Instituto de Educación Superior Tecnológico Público “Chincha”, 2017.Universidad Nacional de Educación Enrique Guzmán y ValleTesi

Intermediate Levels of Hippocampal Activity Appear Optimal for Associative Memory Formation

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Angular gyrus involvement at encoding and retrieval is associated with durable but less specific memories

After consolidation, information belonging to a mental schema is better remembered, but such memory can be less specific when it comes to details. A neuronal mechanism in line with this behavioral pattern could result from a dynamic interaction that entails mediation by a specific cortical network with associated hippocampal disengagement. We now report that in male and female adult human subjects, encoding and later consolidation of a series of objects embedded in a semantic schema was associated with a build-up of activity in the angular gyrus (AG) that predicted memory 24h later. In parallel, the posterior hippocampus became less involved as schema objects were successively encoded. Hippocampal disengagement was related to an increase in falsely remembering objects that were not presented at encoding. During both encoding and retrieval, the AG and lateral occipital complex (LOC) became functionally connected and this interaction was beneficial for successful retrieval. Thus, a network including the AG and LOC enhances the overnight retention of schema-related memories, and their simultaneous detachment from the hippocampus reduces the specificity of the memory

Pressure-Induced Phase Transition Versus Amorphization in Hybrid Methylammonium Lead Bromide Perovskite

The crystal structure of CH3NH3PbBr3 perovskite has been investigated under high-pressure by synchrotron-based powder X-ray diffraction. We found that after the previously reported phase transitions in CH3NH3PbBr3 (Pm-3m->Im-3->Pmn21), which occur below 2 GPa, there is a third transition to a crystalline phase at 4.6 GPa. This transition is reported here for the first time contradicting previous studies which reported amorphization of CH3NH3PbBr3 between 2.3 and 4.6 GPa. Our X-ray diffraction measurements show that CH3NH3PbBr3 remains crystalline up to 7.6 GPa, the highest pressure covered by experiments. The new high-pressure phase is also described by the space group Pmn21, but the transition involves abrupt changes in the unit-cell parameters and a 3% decrease of the unit-cell volume. Our conclusions are confirmed by optical-absorption experiments and visual observations and by the fact that changes induced by pressure up to 10 GPa are reversible. The optical studies also allow for the determination of the pressure dependence of the band-gap energy which is discussed using the structural information obtained from X-ray diffraction.Comment: 15 pages, 4 figure

Family connections in the treatment of relatives of people with eating disorders and personality disorders: study protocol of a randomized control trial

Background: Eating disorders (EDs) are serious disorders that significantly affect not only the lives of patients, but also those of their family members who often experience high levels of burden, suffering and helplessness. If, in addition to ED, the patient has a personality disorder (PD), the psychological distress experienced by family members can be devastating. However, few treatments have been developed for family members of people with ED and PD. Family Connections (FC) is a programme that has been shown to be effective for family members of people with borderline personality disorder. The overall aims of this work are: (a) to adapt FC for application to family members of patients with BPD-PD (FC: ED-PD); (b) to analyse, in a randomised controlled clinical trial, the efficacy of this programme in a Spanish population, compared to a control condition consisting of treatment as usual optimised treatment (TAU-O); (c) to analyse the feasibility of the intervention protocol; (d) to analyse whether the changes that may occur in relatives are related to improvements in the family climate and/or improvements observed in patients; and (e) to analyse the perceptions and opinions of relatives and patients about the two intervention protocols. Methods: The study uses a two-arm randomised controlled clinical trial with two experimental conditions: adaptation of FC programme (FC: ED-PD) or Treatment as usual optimised (TAU-O). Participants will be family members of patients who meet DSM-5 criteria for ED and PD or dysfunctional personality traits. Participants will be assessed before and after treatment and at one-year follow-up. The intention-to-treat principle will be used when analysing the data. Discussion: The results obtained are expected to confirm the effectiveness of the programme and its good acceptance by family members.We want to thank the National Education Alliance for Borderline Personality Disorder Spain (NEABPD-Spain), the Valencian Association of Personality Disorders (ASVA TP), and ITA Salut Mental, for their collaboration in this study.Funding for the study was provided by grants: Regional Ministry of Innovation, Universities, Science and Digital Society: Subsidies for Consolidable Research Groups,–AICO/2021 (Generalitat Valenciana) has been awarded to VG as the main investigator of the project. This funding source had no role in the design of this study and will not have any role during its execution, analyses, interpretation of the data, or decision to submit results

Effect of Supplementation of Dairy Cows under Cut and Carry or Grazing of Irrigated Cultivated Pastures in Small Scale Dairy Systems in the Highlands of Central Mexico

Small-scale dairy systems in Mexico represent over 78% of dairy farms and produce 37% of the nation’s milk, and have an important role in reducing rural poverty. Small-scale dairy systems are defined by having herds of 3 to 35 cows plus replacements, and rely mostly on the family for labour. In the central highlands, many small-scale dairy farms base the feeding of herds on irrigated cultivated pastures of ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum, L. perenne) – white clover (Trifolium repens), mostly under cut-and-carry by hand with scythes, straws, and large amounts of commercial compound concentrates that result in high feeding costs and low economic sustainability (Fadul-Pacheco et al., 2013). One option to optimize the use of resources in these systems is to change the use of grasslands to intensive grazing that result in lower feeding costs when compared to cut-and-carry strategies. Also, the high protein content of pasture may meet requirements for moderate yields by dairy cows, so that commercial concentrates may be substituted by lower protein, lower cost supplements like ground maize grain and remove the straws of the diets

Role of the human concentrative nucleoside transporter (hCNT1) in the cytotoxic action of 5[Prime]-deoxy-5-fluorouridine, an active intermediate metabolite of capecitabine, a novel oral anticancer drug.

We attempt to identify the plasma membrane transporter involved in the uptake of 5'-deoxy-5-fluorouridine (5'-DFUR), an intermediate metabolite of capecitabine. This novel oral fluoropyrimidine is used in cancer treatments and is a direct precursor of the cytostatic agent 5'-fluorouracil. We also examine the role of the transporter in 5'-DFUR cytotoxicity. The human concentrative nucleoside transporter (hCNT1) was cloned from human fetal liver and expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes. The two-electrode voltage-clamp technique was used to demonstrate that 5'-DFUR, but not capecitabine or 5'-FU, is an hCNT1 substrate. Then, hCNT1 was heterologously expressed in the mammalian cell line Chinese hamster ovary-K1. Functional expression was demonstrated by monitoring transport of radiolabeled substrates and by using a monospecific polyclonal antibody generated against the transporter. hCNT1-expressing cells were more sensitive to 5'-DFUR than vector-transfected or wild-type cells. The sensitivity of the three cell types to other agents such as cisplatin or 5'-FU was identical. In conclusion, this study shows that 1) the pharmacological profile of a nucleoside transporter can be determined by an electrophysiological approach; 2) the hCNT1 transporter is involved in 5'-DFUR uptake; and 3) hCNT1 expression may increase cell sensitivity to 5'-DFUR treatment. This study also reports for the first time the generation of an antibody against hCNT1, which may be useful in the elucidation of the relationship between hCNT1 expression and tumor response to capecitabine treatmen

Initial Investigation of the Effects of an Experimentally Learned Schema on Spatial Associative Memory in Humans

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